Methods for Interference Management in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks

Emerging Medical Body Area Networks (MBANs) require new, protected spectrum for clinical applications. This may mean uncoordinated and autonomous operation of multiple MBANs, within the new candidate bands. The question is that how will MBANs coexist as a secondary service with other radio systems? Clinical environment requires balance of robust and efficient wireless techniques to enable coexistence of MBANs and other radio devices where low transmission power MBANs as secondary systems may be vulnerable to interference from incumbent devices transceivers. Physical separation between the MBANs and incumbent radio devices and avoiding the transmission in the same frequency bands among the wireless techniques may be considered. In this paper, we propose interferencemanagement techniques considering such coexistencebetween the MBANs and other radio systems and deal withthe issue of co-existence with primary systems by proposing novel methods for a gateway-to-gateway coordination, to assist the methods described in the first and second part of this paper. Result is improved reliability and Quality of Service for MBANs. These would lead to multiple clinical benefits, including better patient mobility, more monitoring flexibility and extension of monitoring into care areas that are currently unmonitored. Reduced clinical errors and reduced overall monitoring costs are other results

Spiritual-Psychological Experiences of Heart Transplant Recipients

Introduction: Heart transplantation is one of the unique types of organ transplantation. Spiritualpsychological aspects of heart transplantation affect quality of life and survival rates. This study described the spiritual-psychological experiences of heart transplant recipients. Method: In a qualitative phenomenological study, purposive sampling was used to select 9 heart transplant recipients. Data was collected through in-depth and unstructured interviews. Data analysis was performed by Colaizzi's method. Results: After the interviews, the transcriptions were analyzed and three concepts of peace, depression and despair were extracted. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that patients with a range of emotional problems showed different spiritual-psychological dimensions. While giving care to each patient, he needs to be considered as a unique individual. In addition to considering physical needs of patients, their spiritual-psychological problems should also be taken into account. Awareness of patients' experiences can help the care team to provide appropriate. The quality of life and survival rates of patients would thus be improved. Psychological and psychiatric counseling would also facilitate the healing process. Keywords: Spiritual experience, Psychological experience, Heart transplant, Phenomenolog

Genetic multi user detection for code division multiple access systems.

The origins of spread spectrum are in navigation and military systems. Techniques originally developed to reduce the effects of the intentional jamming also proved suitable for communications through dispersive channels in cellular applications. In 1949 the first time hoping spread spectrum multiple access system has been introduced by John Pierce. A direct-sequence spread spectrum system has been proposed by De Rosa-Rogoff later in 1950. He has also introduced the concept of processing gain. However the commercialisation of cellular direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems became possible only during the 1980's and 1990's. In 2000 and beyond we will be witness to the standardisation and commercialisation of wide band CDMA system with a bandwidth of 5 MHz or more. While CDMA presents a number of advantages for cellular mobile communications, it has its own drawbacks. Good air interface designs provide efficient solutions for the terrestrial cellular system. We first take a look at the problem of narrow-band and partial band interference suppression in a CDMA system. By using Poor's model for partial-band interference, some interference suppression techniques are analysed. Then the concept of hybrid genetic prediction is introduced which outperforms the nonlinear techniques in terms of SNR improvements. The performance of a CDMA system can be degraded by Multiple Access Interference (MAI) due to the presence of many users in the same bandwidth. After analysing the structure and performance of existing multi user detection techniques, a low complexity bit level detector is proposed to reduce MAI in synchronous CDMA (S-CDMA) system for an AWGN channel. It is shown how it is possible to reach almost the single user bound by combining detection theory and the fundamentals laws of evolution found in nature. Nonlinear mappings are added to the proposed detector to increase detector's performance by reducing the misleading effect of noise on the detection process. Then for Asynchronous CDMA (A-CDMA), a novel packet level genetic detector is proposed. The near-far resistance feature of the proposed detector is studied. The effect of different parameters of genetic engine i.e. chromosome length, gene's value or mutation and crossover probabilities on its performance are characterised. Different initialisation methods are introduced. For high bit rate CDMA system in multimedia applications in a dispersive CDMA channel, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) becomes another highly important factor that degrades system performance. It is shown how it is possible to use a signal sub-space based detector as a core detector for a hybrid genetic Multi user detector

Impacts of the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) on the apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory genes in PC3

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) has anti-prostate cancer effects and the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) has been used as a plasmid-based vaccine. So we expressed both of them in the PC3 cells to evaluate their effects on cell cycling and apoptosis. The PC3 cells were transfected either by the pBudCE4.1-CPE-PSCA or empty plasmid. The expression of the cpe and PSCA genes in transfected PC3 was evaluated. The apoptosis genes (Fas, P53, Bak, and Bax) as well as cell cycling genes (cyclin D1 and E) expression was evaluated by qPCR. Successful expression of cpe and PSCA in PC3 cells was confirmed. The flow cytometry results showed the cellular death rates of 62.6% and 21.8% for PC3 cells transformed with recombinant and empty plasmids respectively. Bak, Fas, Bax and P53 genes were significantly upregulated in PC3 cells transformed with pBudCE4.1-CPE-PSCA, while cyclin D1 and E were downregulated when compared with the pBudCE4.1-transfected PC3 and normal cells (p < .05). The results showed the lethal consequences of cpe and PSCA genes expression on PC3 transfected cells. Expression of the cpe and PSCA genes affects the PC3 cell death so it could be a suitable candidate for further researches in prostate cancer vaccine development